5 Best Car Seats for Babies| Top Picks for Safety & Comfort

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Written By Ali Uxama

Ali Uxama has over 15 years of hands-on experience in the automotive world and runs a trusted workshop in Maryland that’s served over 2,000 happy customers. When he’s not under the hood of a car, Ali loves sharing practical tips and honest reviews through his blogs on Smart Budget Reviews.

Finding the best car seats for babies is one of the most important decisions every parent faces. Safety, comfort, and ease of use are key factors when choosing the right car seat for your little one. After all, you want to ensure your baby is protected and happy during every journey. Find essential info on transitioning securely with When To Change Baby Car Seat Safely.

As a parent, I know how overwhelming it can be to navigate countless options and features. From safety standards to portability, there’s so much to consider. That’s why I’ve done the research to help you find a car seat that checks all the boxes for your growing family.


What are the different types of car seats available for infants?

Parents have two main options for infant car seats: rear-facing infant car seats and convertible car seats. Rear-facing infant car seats are specifically designed for newborns and younger babies, offering excellent portability and ease of use. These seats are typically lighter and come with a detachable base for quick installation. 

On the other hand, convertible car seats provide a versatile solution by transitioning from a rear-facing position for infants to a forward-facing seat as the child grows. While less portable, convertible car seats are a long-term investment, accommodating babies from infancy through toddlerhood, ensuring safety and comfort for various growth stages. Understand the risks and recommendations for Baby Car Seat In Front Passenger Seat.


Buying Guide

Selecting the best car seat for your baby is one of the most important decisions for their safety and comfort during travel. With countless options and features to choose from, it’s essential to know what to look for before making a purchase. This guide will help you navigate the process by highlighting the critical features and considerations when buying a car seat for your little one.

Key Features to Consider

1. Safety Standards
Safety is the top priority when choosing a car seat. Ensure the car seat meets or exceeds federal safety regulations. Look for additional safety features like side-impact protection, energy-absorbing materials, and anti-rebound bars. Some car seats also include a five-point harness system for enhanced security, evenly distributing the force of an impact. Checking crash-test ratings can also provide peace of mind about the car seat’s performance.

2. Ease of Installation
Proper installation is vital for the car seat to function correctly. Look for models with the LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children) system, which simplifies the process. Many car seats also feature recline indicators and bubble levels to ensure the correct angle during installation. An easily adjustable base and clear instructions are additional factors that make installation more straightforward and safer.

3. Comfort
A comfortable baby is a happy baby, which is why plush padding, breathable fabrics, and adjustable harness systems are must-haves. Many car seats feature headrests and inserts designed specifically for newborns, providing additional support and coziness. Also, check if the materials are machine washable, as cleaning spills and messes is inevitable with babies.

4. Portability
If you’re frequently on the go, a lightweight car seat with an ergonomic handle can make a world of difference. Portable car seats are especially useful for parents who need to move the seat between vehicles or carry it for extended periods. Some models even double as carriers, allowing seamless transitions between the car and other settings.

5. Compatibility with Strollers
Car seats that are compatible with strollers provide an added layer of convenience, creating a travel system that makes life easier for parents. Many car seats are part of a brand’s stroller lineup, while others may require adapters. Ensure compatibility before purchasing to avoid additional costs or complications.

6. Weight and Height Limits
Pay attention to the weight and height limits of the car seat to ensure it accommodates your baby’s growth. Rear-facing car seats generally support infants up to 30-35 pounds, but the limits vary by model. Choosing a car seat with higher limits can extend its usability, saving you from upgrading too soon.

7. Adjustability
Car seats with adjustable harness systems, headrests, and recline positions can grow with your baby, providing both safety and comfort over time. These features also ensure a snug fit, which is crucial for effective crash protection. Check if the adjustments are easy to make without requiring tools. Discover guidelines on seat duration for comfort and safety in How Long Can A Baby Stay In A Car Seat.

How to Properly Install a Car Seat

Installing a car seat correctly is crucial for your baby’s safety. Follow these steps to ensure a secure fit:

  1. Read the Manuals: Always read the car seat manufacturer’s instructions and your vehicle’s owner manual for guidance.
  2. Use the LATCH System: If your car seat is equipped with the LATCH system, use it for quick and secure installation. If not, seat belts can also provide a proper fit.
  3. Check the Angle: Many car seats include recline indicators or bubble levels to help you achieve the correct angle for your baby’s age and size.
  4. Tighten the Straps: Ensure the car seat doesn’t move more than an inch in any direction when tugged. A snug fit is essential for safety.
  5. Harness Your Baby Correctly: Position the harness straps at or below your baby’s shoulders in a rear-facing seat and ensure they are tight enough that you cannot pinch any slack.

Tips for Choosing the Right Car Seat

  • Consider Your Lifestyle: Think about how often you’ll need to move the car seat. If portability is a priority, choose a lightweight model with a comfortable handle.
  • Set a Budget: Car seats come in a wide price range. While more expensive models often have additional features, there are many affordable options that meet all safety requirements.
  • Look for User-Friendly Features: Features like one-click installation, easy-to-adjust harnesses, and removable covers can make daily use much simpler.
  • Think About Longevity: While infant car seats are great for portability, convertible seats can last longer as they transition with your baby’s growth.
  • Read Reviews: Customer feedback can provide valuable insights into real-world performance, durability, and ease of use.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

  1. Improper Installation: Many car seats fail to provide adequate protection simply because they are not installed correctly. Always double-check your work and, if needed, consult a certified car seat technician.
  2. Using a Car Seat Past Its Expiration Date: All car seats have an expiration date, usually ranging from six to ten years. Using an expired seat compromises safety.
  3. Buying the Wrong Size: Make sure the car seat is suitable for your baby’s current weight and height. Transitioning too early to a forward-facing seat or booster can put your child at risk.
  4. Ignoring the Fit in Your Vehicle: Not all car seats fit well in every car. Test the seat in your vehicle to ensure it’s compatible with your space and seating configuration.

5 Best Car Seats for Babies

Safety 1st Smooth Ride Travel System| Best for Infant-to-Toddler Travel

Safety 1st Smooth Ride Travel System Stroller and Car Seat
Credit: Amazon

The Safety 1st Smooth Ride Travel System is the perfect solution for parents seeking convenience and comfort during outings. This versatile stroller and car seat combo ensures a seamless transition from car to stroller with its secure click-on feature. 

Designed with thoughtful details like an extra-large canopy and ergonomic handle, it prioritizes your baby’s comfort and your ease of use. Meeting Disney Park size requirements, it’s ideal for families on the move. Whether you’re navigating busy streets or enjoying park strolls, this travel system guarantees a smooth, hassle-free experience for both infants and toddlers.

This combo caters to the needs of growing families by supporting babies from 4 to 30 pounds in the rear-facing car seat. The stroller accommodates toddlers up to 50 pounds, ensuring long-term usability. 

Thoughtfully crafted, the set includes head and body inserts for optimal support, a 5-point harness with adjustable heights, and ample storage for essentials. Whether it’s protecting your little one with the canopy or peeking in through the window, every feature has been designed with safety and comfort in mind.

Key Features:

Smooth Maneuverability: Agile wheels allow easy navigation and seamless cornering in crowded areas.

Protective Canopy: An extra-large canopy with a flip-out visor shields your baby from the elements.

Secure Transition: The OnBoard FLX car seat securely clicks into the stroller for hassle-free transitions.

Ample Storage: Extra-large basket and trays provide room for baby essentials and parent items.

Why is this Product Best for Infant-to-Toddler Travel?

The Safety 1st Smooth Ride Travel System offers a versatile, long-term solution for growing families. It features a car seat with customizable inserts and an adjustable harness to ensure safety and comfort for infants. 

The stroller’s lightweight yet sturdy design grows with your child, accommodating toddlers up to 50 pounds. Its smooth maneuverability and compact frame make outings easier, even in crowded spaces. The extra-large canopy protects your child from sun and rain, while the peek-a-boo window ensures visibility. Combining convenience, safety, and storage space, this system is ideal for parents seeking functionality and ease of use.

What Customers Say About This Product:

Amanda J.: “This stroller saved us on our trip to Disney! It’s lightweight, easy to fold, and my baby loved the comfortable seat.”

Bryan K.: “The car seat clicks in so smoothly, and the storage basket holds everything we need. Highly recommended for busy parents!”

Rachel P.: “The canopy is a lifesaver on sunny days, and I love the peek-a-boo window for keeping an eye on my little one.”


Graco SnugRide 35 Lite LX | Best for Lightweight Portability

Graco SnugRide 35 Lite LX Infant Car Seat
Credit: Amazon

The Graco SnugRide 35 Lite LX Infant Car Seat is a trusted choice for parents seeking convenience, safety, and comfort. Designed for infants weighing 4-35 lbs and up to 32 inches tall, this rear-facing car seat ensures your baby stays secure during travel. Its lightweight design, weighing only 7.2 lbs, makes it easy to carry from car to stroller. 

With Graco’s renowned ProtectPlus Engineering, it offers protection against frontal, side, rear, and rollover crashes. The sleek “Studio” color complements modern aesthetics, blending style and function seamlessly for parents on the go.

This car seat simplifies installation and adjusts effortlessly to meet growing infants’ needs. The 4-position adjustable base ensures an accurate fit while maintaining comfort. The easy-to-read level indicator takes the guesswork out of installation, giving parents peace of mind. 

Equipped with soft knit head and body supports, it provides a cozy fit for newborns as small as 4 lbs. The stay-in-car base with LATCH compatibility further enhances its practicality, allowing you to secure the seat with ease.

Key Features:

Lightweight Design: At only 7.2 lbs, it’s easy to carry from car to stroller without strain.
ProtectPlus Engineering: Rigorously tested to protect against frontal, side, rear, and rollover crashes.
Adjustable Base: Four positions ensure the perfect fit for growing infants while maintaining comfort.
Soft Knit Supports: Head and body supports offer a snug fit and can be removed as the baby grows.

Why Is the Graco SnugRide 35 Lite LX Best for Lightweight Portability?

This car seat excels in combining lightweight convenience with exceptional safety features. The 7.2 lb design ensures hassle-free portability, making it easy for parents to transition between car and stroller. Additionally, Graco’s ProtectPlus Engineering provides unmatched peace of mind, protecting your baby from multiple crash scenarios. Its thoughtful features, like the level indicator and adjustable base, simplify the installation process while ensuring a perfect fit every time.

What Customers Say About This Product?

Emily T.: “Absolutely love how lightweight this car seat is! It’s perfect for my newborn and easy to carry everywhere.”
Jake P.: “The installation process was straightforward, and the level indicator gave me confidence that it’s securely in place.”
Sophia L.: “My baby stays so comfortable in this seat. The head support is soft and keeps her snug during long drives.”


Doona Car Seat & Stroller | Best for All-in-One Baby Travel

Doona Car Seat & Stroller
Credit: Amazon

The Doona Car Seat & Stroller in Nitro Black is a game-changing travel solution for parents. Designed to transition seamlessly from car seat to stroller with a single click, it eliminates the hassle of carrying bulky equipment. 

Whether you’re running errands or flying across the country, its innovative design ensures convenience and peace of mind. With safety features like a 5-point harness and anti-rebound crash technology, it provides unmatched security for your baby, making it a favorite among new parents.

Parents rave about the Doona’s ergonomic support, offering a near-flat infant insert that aligns your baby’s neck and back. The premium materials, including fiber-reinforced polymers and rust-free aluminum, ensure this travel system is built to last. 

The water-repellent canopy with UPF 50+ sun protection shields your little one during outdoor adventures. Compact and lightweight, it’s perfect for navigating tight spaces and packed schedules. If you’re looking for a stylish, reliable, and easy-to-use solution, Doona delivers.

Key Features

One-Click Transformation: Instantly switches from a car seat to a stroller, making travel with your baby effortless.

Ergonomic Infant Support: Provides optimal alignment for your newborn’s neck and back with a near-flat design.

Comprehensive Safety: Equipped with side impact protection, a 5-point safety harness, and crash-tested anti-rebound technology.

Durable Design: Built with high-quality materials and rust-free aluminum for long-lasting performance.

Why is the Doona Car Seat & Stroller Best for All-in-One Baby Travel?

The Doona stands out as the ultimate all-in-one travel system because of its unmatched versatility and ease of use. Parents no longer need to lug separate strollers and car seats—it transitions with a single motion. 

Its ergonomic design ensures your baby’s comfort during long journeys, and the safety features provide peace of mind. Approved for air travel by TUV and FAA, it’s a perfect companion for families on the go. Additionally, the sleek Nitro Black finish and compact design make it an elegant, practical choice for modern parenting.

What Customers Say About This Product?

Jessica M.: “The Doona is a lifesaver! Switching from stroller to car seat is so simple, and it fits perfectly in tight spaces. Highly recommend!”

Ethan T.: “We’ve used it on planes, trains, and cars—it’s versatile and durable. The safety features are top-notch, and the build quality is excellent.”

Sarah R.: “My baby loves the ergonomic support, and I love how easy it is to manage. The stylish design is a bonus!”


Evenflo Convertible Car Seat | Best for Infant-to-Toddler Safety and Comfort

Evenflo Convertible Car Seat
Credit: Amazon

The Evenflo Convertible Car Seat in Rockland Green is a game-changer for parents seeking safety, convenience, and durability. Its revolutionary design offers extended rear-facing protection up to 50 lbs, ensuring your little one stays secure from infancy to toddlerhood. 

The 360° one-hand rotation simplifies placing your child in the seat, making it ideal for busy families. Its convertible functionality allows seamless transitions through three stages, adapting to your growing child’s needs without compromising safety or comfort.

This car seat stands out with its steel-reinforced frame, which ensures unparalleled durability. The Quick Clean Cover offers easy removal and reattachment, allowing parents to maintain hygiene effortlessly. 

With multiple recline angles and adaptable fit options, it’s designed for ultimate comfort and proper posture during every ride. The thoughtful addition of color-coordinated styles like Rockland Green adds a touch of elegance, making it a stylish and practical choice for modern families.

Key Features

360° Rotation: Enables effortless one-hand turning, ensuring hassle-free child placement and removal.

Extended Rear-Facing: Protects infants up to 50 lbs, offering superior safety in early developmental years.

Adaptable Modes: Grows with your child, transitioning seamlessly from rear-facing to forward-facing and booster modes.

Quick Clean Cover: Easily removable and washable cover ensures your car seat stays fresh and hygienic.

Why is the Evenflo Convertible Car Seat Best for Infant-to-Toddler Safety and Comfort?

This car seat excels in combining safety, versatility, and convenience. Its extended rear-facing capacity ensures optimal protection for infants, while the forward-facing and booster modes adapt as your child grows. The steel-reinforced frame and high-quality materials provide unmatched durability and peace of mind. Moreover, the 360° rotation and Quick Clean Cover simplify everyday use, making it the perfect choice for parents who prioritize functionality without compromising safety or style.

What Customers Say About This Product?

Megan T.: “The 360° rotation is a lifesaver! I can easily get my baby in and out without straining. It’s worth every penny.”

James L.: “This car seat grows with my child, and the extended rear-facing feature gives me peace of mind. It’s sturdy and feels premium.”

Henry R.: “Cleaning has never been easier! The Quick Clean Cover saves so much time and keeps the seat looking brand new.”


Baby Trend EZ-Lift Infant Car Seat | Best for Lightweight Portability

Baby Trend EZ-Lift 35 PLUS Infant Car Seat
Credit: Amazon

The Baby Trend EZ-Lift 35 PLUS Infant Car Seat in Ultra Grey combines safety, comfort, and lightweight design to make parenting simpler. Weighing less than 8 pounds, it’s easy to carry, even on hectic days. 

Its ergonomic grip ensures effortless handling, while the anti-rebound handle adds an extra layer of protection during travel. Designed to meet and exceed federal safety standards, this car seat offers unparalleled peace of mind for parents.

From quick installations to exceptional comfort, the EZ-Lift 35 PLUS Infant Car Seat stands out with thoughtful details. The base includes a Flip Foot recline and bubble level indicator, ensuring the perfect angle for your baby’s comfort and safety. 

Its plush interior provides a cozy environment, while the FAA approval means it’s a great choice for air travel. Whether you’re running errands or embarking on a family adventure, this seat guarantees both style and functionality.

Key Features

Ergonomic Grip: Built-in handle promotes easy lifting and is chiropractor-approved for reducing strain on your arms.

Lightweight Design: Weighs under 8 pounds, making it one of the easiest infant car seats to carry.

Anti-Rebound Bar: The handle doubles as an anti-rebound bar, limiting rotation in case of a collision.

Recline and Leveling: Flip Foot recline and bubble level indicator ensure perfect positioning during installation.

Why is the Baby Trend EZ-Lift 35 PLUS Best for Lightweight Portability?

This car seat is tailor-made for parents who value ease and efficiency without compromising safety. Its ergonomic grip and lightweight design allow for hassle-free transportation, even with a busy lifestyle. 

The anti-rebound handle adds a safety feature that’s not only practical but lifesaving. Additionally, the simple installation process and plush seating ensure that both parents and babies experience maximum comfort and convenience. Whether you’re navigating daily tasks or taking a trip, this car seat has you covered.

What Customers Say About This Product?

Samantha J.: “I love how light this car seat is! It makes carrying my baby so much easier, even when I’m juggling groceries.”

Brian M.: “The anti-rebound handle is a smart addition. It’s comforting to know my baby is extra secure during travel.”

Oliver T.: “The plush seating is perfect for my newborn. She stays comfortable for hours, and installation is a breeze.”


Comparison Table


Safety Guide: Ensuring Your Baby’s Safety with the Best Car Seat

Your baby’s safety is the top priority when choosing and using a car seat. Proper selection, installation, and use can significantly reduce the risk of injury during travel. Follow these safety tips to ensure your little one stays secure.

1. Choose the Right Car Seat

Selecting a car seat that fits your baby’s age, weight, and height is crucial for their safety. Rear-facing car seats are recommended for infants because they provide superior protection for the head, neck, and spine in the event of a collision. Always check that the car seat meets or exceeds federal safety standards and has passed crash testing to ensure it offers reliable protection.

2. Install the Car Seat Correctly

Correct installation is vital for a car seat to function properly. Always read the car seat’s instruction manual and your vehicle’s owner manual for guidance. If your vehicle supports the LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children) system, use it for an easier and more secure installation. Ensure the car seat is positioned at the correct angle using recline indicators or bubble levels, as this is crucial for your baby’s safety. Test the seat’s stability—there should be no more than an inch of movement in any direction when secured.

3. Harness Your Baby Securely

Position the harness straps at or below your baby’s shoulders when using a rear-facing car seat. Adjust the harness so it fits snugly; you should not be able to pinch any slack in the straps. The chest clip must be placed at armpit level to keep the straps in the correct position and prevent slipping in the event of sudden stops or impacts. Check out the best clothing tips for car seat safety in Baby Wear: What To Fit To Car Seat.

4. Avoid Common Mistakes

Never use a car seat that has been involved in a crash or is past its expiration date, as it may no longer provide adequate protection. Additionally, avoid dressing your baby in bulky clothing, such as thick jackets, as these can interfere with the harness’s fit. By following these safety tips, you can ensure your baby travels securely, giving you peace of mind on every journey.


Expert Opinion on the Best Car Seats for Babies

Choosing the right car seat is crucial for your baby’s safety and comfort, especially with a variety of high-quality options available. Here’s an expert evaluation of the most popular car seats on the market, highlighting their standout features, safety innovations, and practical advantages.

1. Safety 1st Smooth Ride Travel System

The Safety 1st Smooth Ride Travel System excels in versatility, offering a seamless transition between car seat and stroller. Designed to meet Disney Park size requirements, this system is perfect for parents who prioritize mobility and convenience. 

The OnBoard FLX car seat is rear-facing and supports infants up to 30 pounds, while the stroller accommodates toddlers up to 50 pounds. Its thoughtful features, such as an ergonomic handle, extra-large canopy, and storage space, make it a practical solution for growing families. Parents who often travel or spend time outdoors will appreciate its smooth maneuverability and lightweight design.

2. Graco SnugRide 35 Lite LX

Weighing just 7.2 pounds, the Graco SnugRide 35 Lite LX is ideal for busy parents who value portability without sacrificing safety. Graco’s ProtectPlus Engineering provides robust crash protection, making it one of the safest lightweight car seats available. Its 4-position adjustable base ensures a snug fit, and the easy-to-read level indicator simplifies installation. 

The soft knit inserts provide added comfort for newborns, ensuring your baby is secure and cozy. This car seat is particularly recommended for parents frequently moving between vehicles or carrying the car seat for extended periods.

3. Doona Car Seat & Stroller

The Doona Car Seat & Stroller offers a revolutionary solution for parents who want convenience and functionality in one product. Its ability to transform from a car seat to a stroller with a single click sets it apart. This innovative design, paired with advanced safety features like a 5-point harness and anti-rebound crash technology, makes it a trusted choice for modern families. 

The ergonomic near-flat insert ensures your baby’s comfort during long journeys. Compact, lightweight, and approved for air travel, it’s perfect for parents navigating busy schedules or frequent travelers looking for a space-saving solution.

4. Evenflo Convertible Car Seat 

The Evenflo Convertible Car Seat is a standout choice for parents looking for a long-term investment. It offers extended rear-facing support up to 50 pounds, making it one of the safest options for infants. Its 360° rotation feature simplifies getting your baby in and out, a lifesaver for busy parents. 

With a durable steel-reinforced frame, adjustable recline positions, and an easy-to-clean cover, this car seat combines safety, durability, and convenience. This seat is highly recommended for families seeking a product that adapts to their growing child’s needs while prioritizing comfort and safety. Learn how to identify the right time to move on from the infant seat in When Is My Baby Too Big For Infant Car Seat.

5. Baby Trend EZ-Lift 35 PLUS Infant Car Seat

The Baby Trend EZ-Lift 35 PLUS Infant Car Seat is designed for parents seeking a lightweight and user-friendly option. Weighing less than 8 pounds, it’s one of the easiest infant car seats to carry. 

The ergonomic grip reduces strain on your arms, and the anti-rebound bar adds a layer of safety during travel. Its Flip Foot recline and bubble level indicator ensure proper installation, while the plush interior keeps your baby comfortable on the go. FAA-approved and compact, it’s ideal for families who frequently travel by air or require a lightweight car seat for daily use.


Final Words

Choosing the best car seats for babies ensures your child’s safety, comfort, and convenience during every journey. With the right features and proper maintenance, these car seats provide peace of mind for parents and a secure ride for little ones.


FAQs

Can I use a car seat on an airplane?

Yes, many infant car seats are FAA-approved for use on airplanes, ensuring your baby’s safety during flights. To confirm, check the label or the manufacturer’s instructions for FAA approval. When using a car seat on an airplane, ensure it fits within the seat dimensions and can be secured using the plane’s seatbelt system. 

Rear-facing car seats are usually recommended for infants, even on flights. It’s also a good idea to contact your airline beforehand to verify their policies regarding car seats and ensure a smooth experience when traveling with your baby.

How do I know when to upgrade to a larger car seat?

You should upgrade to a larger car seat when your child exceeds the weight or height limits specified by the manufacturer. Most infant car seats accommodate babies up to 30-35 pounds or a height of around 32 inches. 

If your baby’s head is within an inch of the top of the seat, it’s time to transition. Upgrading to a convertible car seat allows for extended rear-facing use and later forward-facing options. Always follow manufacturer guidelines to ensure the car seat provides the appropriate level of safety and comfort for your growing child.

Are car seat accessories like head supports and seat covers safe to use?

Only use car seat accessories that are provided or approved by the manufacturer. Third-party accessories may interfere with the seat’s safety features or compromise its crash-test ratings. Head supports and covers included with the car seat are designed to meet safety standards and fit properly. 

Using non-approved items can prevent the harness from securing your child correctly, increasing the risk of injury. Always consult the car seat’s manual for guidelines and avoid aftermarket products that may not adhere to safety regulations.

How do I clean and maintain my baby’s car seat?

To clean your baby’s car seat, refer to the manufacturer’s manual for specific instructions. Most car seats feature removable and washable covers that can be machine-washed on a gentle cycle. 

Use mild detergent and avoid harsh chemicals that may damage the materials. Clean the harness straps with a damp cloth and mild soap—do not submerge them in water, as it can weaken their integrity. Regularly vacuum crumbs and debris from the seat and inspect for wear or damage to ensure your car seat remains safe and functional.

What’s the difference between a car seat with a base and one without?

Car seats with a base are designed for convenience, allowing you to click the seat in and out of the car without reinstalling it each time. These are ideal for parents frequently moving the seat between cars or strollers. 

Base-free car seats are more portable and take up less space but require reinstallation for each use, which can be time-consuming. If you travel often or use multiple vehicles, a car seat with a base offers added ease and stability, while base-free options are better suited for lightweight and occasional use.